A systematic review of 20 years of crisis and disaster research: Trends and progress

The field of crisis and disaster studies has proliferated over the past two decades. Attention is bound to grow further as world negotiates prolonged challenges Covid-19 pandemic. In this review, we provide an overview main foci, methods, research designs employed in fields period 2001–2020. review documents that focus methods used have not changed much time. Single case exploratory prevail, shifted from preparedness response, methodological diversity limited, but gradually increasing. Future are understand transboundary management creeping crises. Advancing calls for our community put more effort drawing lessons beyond single uncover comparable universal patterns connect between events or phases, which help theorize multifaceted nature management. 过去20年里，危机与灾害研究领域不断扩大。鉴于世界应对2019冠状病毒病（Covid-19）大流行所带来的持续挑战，该领域所获得的关注势必会进一步增加。本篇综述中，我们概述了2001-2020年间危机与灾害研究领域的主要焦点、所使用的方法和研究设计。在此期间，该领域在9/11事件（2001）、飓风卡特里娜（2005）和东日本大地震（2011）等关键事件发生后为新的研究者打开了大量机遇。我们聚焦于四本关键期刊：《灾害》（Disasters）、《国际群体性突发事件与灾害杂志》、《突发事件与危机管理杂志》、《公共政策中的风险、灾害与危机》。 本篇危机与灾害研究综述记录了单一案例研究的主导性，同时比较案例研究的数量也在增加。我们对灾害的了解基本基于探索性研究，同时危机文献表明，过去十年（2011-2020）里解释性研究的数量稳步增加。概念性研究的数量在这两类文献中保持相对稳定。尽管概念性文章在所发表文章中的占比并不高，但却是该领域中引用最多的文章类型之一。 危机研究中方法的多样性正在增加。我们目睹了通过访谈和观察（辅以调查和统计学）进行收集和使用第一手资料的趋势上升。在灾害研究中，对访谈和观察的持续强调表明了实地研究在灾后的重要性。这些年来，调查研究保持相对稳定的趋势，占灾害方法论的三分之一。不过，与危机研究相比，明显缺乏实验研究或建模研究。在这两个领域中，方法论文章的数量目前仍然有限。 灾害研究中，关注已从灾害准备转向了灾害响应。近期，我们发现灾后恢复和复原力再次引起关注。在危机和灾害管理研究中，灾害缓解这一阶段几乎未受到关注。很少有研究明确聚焦于危机或灾害的具体阶段转变。我们对不同阶段之间的相似点和不同点的了解似乎变得更少。 整体而言，我们发现危机和灾害研究领域拓宽了，相邻研究领域对其作出了越来越多的贡献。不过，所使用的主题、设计和方法却并未随时间推移而发生太大变化。原本能激励解释性理论发展的比较研究一直发展缓慢。鉴于危机和灾害因一系列因素而发生快速变化，这些因素包括：新技术、气候变化和从不同方式影响行动者和社区的地缘政治动态，我们认为比较研究在未来是有希望的。 我们发现，两个明显的挑战将很有可能影响未来研究：理解“跨边界”危机管理的起源和结果；理解逐渐形成的、藏匿于大众视野并侵蚀关键基础设施和制度的“慢性危机”（creeping crises）。公共权威机构并未完全准备好应对这些类型的危机。未来研究因此应越来越多地采纳过程方法，并更多地聚焦于起因和形成阶段，以及各阶段之间的转变。 至于《公共政策中的风险、灾害与危机》的未来方向，我们呼吁研究聚焦于关于潜在的风险、危机和灾害管理过程的理论解释。危机和灾害研究也特别需要方法论文章。对重大事件提供新见解的探索性研究将仍然具有相关性，但对该领域的提升尤其需要我们将更多的努力聚焦于汲取不限于单一案例的经验，以期发现可比较的普遍模式，这种模式能帮助对危机和灾害管理的多面性质加以理论化。 El campo de los estudios y desastres ha proliferado durante las últimas dos décadas. La atención por nuestro está destinada a crecer aún más medida que el mundo negocia prolongados desafíos la pandemia Covid-19. En esta revisión, proporcionamos una descripción general principales enfoques, métodos diseños investigación empleados en campos período 2001-2020. este período, se abrió considerablemente nuevos investigadores después eventos clave como 11 septiembre (2001), huracán Katrina (2005) gran terremoto del Japón (2011). Nos centramosencuatrorevistas clave: ‘Disasters’, ‘International Journal Mass Emergencies Disasters‘, ‘Journal Contingencies Crisis Management’ ‘Risk, Hazards & Public Policy’. Esta revisión documenta predominio casos únicos, mientras número comparativos aumentando. Nuestro conocimiento sobre basa principalmente exploratorios, literatura muestra un aumento constante explicativos última década (2011-2020). conceptuales mantiene relativamente estable ambas literaturas lo largo años. Si bien artículos no constituyen proporción publicaciones, encuentran entre citados campo. diversidad Somos testigos recopilación uso datos primarios través entrevistas observaciones, complementadas con encuestas estadísticas. desastres, énfasis continuo observaciones indica importancia desastres. años, representa alrededor tercio metodologías Sin embargo, comparación crisis, hay clara ausencia experimentales o modelos. ambos campos, metodológicos sigue siendo limitado hasta momento. desplazado preparación respuesta. Recientemente hemos visto renovada recuperación resiliencia. Tanto gestión fase mitigación recibe poca atención. Pocos parecen centrarse explícitamente transiciones fases específicas desastre. Parece obtenido menos conocimientos similitudes diferencias fases. general, vemos ampliado, creciente contribuciones estudio adyacentes. Pero temas, utilizados han cambiado mucho tiempo. enfoque comparativo podría haber estimulado desarrollo teorías explicativas quedado atrás. Con cambiando rápidamente, debido nuevas tecnologías, cambio climático dinámicas geopolíticas afectan actores comunidades diversas maneras, creemos comparativa es promesa para futuro. Vemos claros probablemente informarán futura: comprender orígenes consecuencias transfronterizas progresivas incuban gradualmente, esconden plena vista exponen erosión infraestructura instituciones clave. Las autoridades públicas están suficientemente preparadas hacer frente tipo crisis. Por tanto, esfuerzos futuros deberían adoptar cada vez procesual causas incubación, Para dirección futura deRisk, Policy, solicitamos ofrezca explicaciones teóricas procesos subyacentes riesgos, También existe necesidad Los ricos relatos exploratorios icónicos ofrecen seguirán relevantes, pero avanzar requiere especialmente nuestra comunidad esfuerce extraer lecciones allá caso único descubrir patrones comparables universales ayuden teorizar naturaleza multifacética “Crises unique laboratory social political life (…) [and] perfect ground multidisciplinary interdisciplinary efforts” (Rosenthal Kouzmin, 1993: 3, 8). 1993, Alexander Kouzmin Uriel Rosenthal launched Management. launch journal marked inflection point research. Long relegated hidden niches public administration, psychology, science, editors new conceptualized area study need serious sustained attention. Crises, intoned, “do lend themselves easy science” p. 10). And so it proven. Many crises disasters followed journal, was shock 9/11 underlined relevance emerging field. Mainstream scholars discovered seemingly overnight. A series subsequent crises, disasters, threats—Hurricane Katrina, Indian Ocean tsunami, financial various immigration terrorist attacks, cyber security breaches, climate change—have since solidified propelled its development. initiation Risk, Policy (RHCCP) 2010, logical next step development article, RHCPP readership. Over decades, proliferated. Its perhaps somewhat narrow on iconic accidents widened include entire scope management, mitigation, recovery. New subject matters been taken up, such risk reduction, institutional network governance, communication, informatics, resilience (Kuipers et al., 2019). More specifically, see clear trends. First, steady increase number publications key journals, with average some journals doubling last 5 years. Second, academic articles “crisis” “disaster” title tripled generic administration compared preceding decades.1 attention strains call scientific insights into effectiveness legitimacy strategies loud. Academics massively responding (rarely seen many special issues one crisis). While seems larger than ever, note deserve Not surprising young contributors, observe lack consensus around definition disaster. Some claim absence agreed-up undermines foundations (Kouzmin, 2008; Quarantelli, 1998, 2005; Roux-Dufort Lalonde, 2013). We too worried, definitions concepts vary across disciplines, even when studying similar phenomena (Shaluf Said, 2003). simply terms often interchangeably. They can refer different types events, trigger kinds questions require (Boin ‘t Hart, 2007). conceptualizations these related debates illustrates dealing diverging multiple manifestations (Roux-Dufort good starting finding common speak people, organization, town, nation, perceives threat basic structures fundamental values norms their system, which, under conditions time pressure uncertainty, demands critical decision-making 2001). This situates itself both materialize through perception well event. system compares reasonably (Quarantelli, 2005), differ sense event typically hazard agent forms source damage (i.e., hurricane, flood, earthquake, tsunami). tradition sociology, generally defined inherently phenomenon emerges impacts own stratification norms, turn, defines vulnerability (Perry, 2007; 2005). Looking much-discussed issue concept clarity, other might deeper influence validity reliability findings. Our first concern specific 20 years, 9/11, Hurricane 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake (Fukushima), Deep-Water Horizon oil spill, Icelandic volcano ash cloud, and, recently, global hop another. Consequently, approach still favored method (George Bennett, Such event-based could limit understanding underlying processes (Hällgren 2018). Efforts build major banks by Swedish Centre Management Research Training (Crismart) at National Defence University Moynihan Institute's Transboundary working group Syracuse University, resulted publications, comparative dissertations (Brändström, 2016; Deverell, 2010; Hansen, Nohrstedt, Svedin, 2008). Perhaps due considerable variation cases content depth, limited large N comparing observations Atlantic (for notable exception, Hermann Dayton, 2009). warrants question whether made progress accumulating knowledge, moving studies, consequently explanatory studies. second pertains methodologies disasters. Disasters studied ways, researchers engaging on-site fieldwork interviews observations, conducting retrospective analyses based documentation. Already 1994, Quarantelli (p. 2) expressed “present day those undertaken 45 As said generally, advances rethinking, just must think what should do ways doing.” fact, Quarantelli's (1994, 15) observation “there only handful doing research” holds true today. be With newcomers field, important make up balance. Have steps broaden scope? Did also introduce approaches? third relates phases differentiation preparedness, recovery (Alexander, 2002) helped systematize codify results (Bosher 2021; Neal, 1997). At same time, criticized putative preference others. (1993, 6), instance, wrote “the dominant idea always preventive efforts management.” focused criteria enable effective response (Dynes, 1994; Yet, others asked incubation phase, dynamics learned during (Lettieri discussion invites systematic inventory really budding intend here. reflect above concerns sorting years literature (from 2001 2020) charting identify trends developments. selected 2001–2020, reflects considerably opened after like tsunami (2004), (2005). want offer now, witness influx wake To construct database consulted research, feel developments best projected core subset relevant consulting Scopus Citescore 2019 get latest metrics 5-year impact factor combination Citescore, presented Table 1. complemented data historical relative importance journals. Based assessment, four review: Disasters, Management, International Policy. These represent top largest 2019, balance and/or historically position Furthermore, all share science orientation, overlap themes dataset created making use reference manager Endnote X9 Web Science, exported Microsoft Excel. Data were gathered 1.839 published 2020 JCCM (471); (215); (840); IJMED (313). General content-based information retrieved assist classification data. classifications included author, year publication, title, type (article, editorial, book etc.), volume, number, abstract. excluded reviews obituaries dataset. provided essence specified study, methodology, topic hazard. lead author constructed aided assistants analyzing categorizing articles.2 abstract, (when necessary) full text, categorized article (exploratory, explanatory, conceptual), involved analysis (single comparative). identified methodology looking abstract section discerned interviews, document-, analysis, survey statistics, experiments, formal modeling. looked received most articles. phase specifically mentioned, if became explicitly (mitigation, recovery, cross-phase). Finally, coded previously Kuipers Welsh (2017). ensure quality coding achieve satisfactory level intercoder reliability, team held weekly meetings random checked accuracy, discussed offered process. meetings, discrepancies disagreements solved. All least they consistency who scanned articles, titles, abstracts. After collection complete, set analyzed using Excel inquiries categories used. Several graphs authors clarify highlight represented trends, ranked top-cited per each analytical category. did Science Google Scholar (since fully indexed WoS). parameter citations/year recent well-cited review. Together, indication When look dominance prevails. Especially demonstrates devoted If zoom diverse (Green Kapucu, 2006; Messias 2012), Rita (Clukey, 2010), Harvey (Grineski 2020), Kobe earthquake (Chang, Shaw Goda, 2004), 2010 Haiti (Altay Labonte, 2014), floods Bangladesh (Paul Routray, Tsunami (Telford Cosgrave, 2007), Nepal (Wolbers 2016), Bam Iran (Mehregan 2012). addition, countries affected hazards, flooding (Alam Collins, typhoons Philippines (Allen, Rodolfo Siringan, 2006), drought Africa (Morton Barton, 2002; Smucker Wisner, peaks 2014 partially caused humanitarian action (Hilhorst Jacoby James, 2010) papers focusing legacy hurricane (Cepeda Clukey, LaJoie Fukushima/East (Cho, 2014; Jung Moro, Nogami Yoshida, 2014). corresponds initial assessment draw (Figure 1). Much cited (citations/year) on, role capital (Nakagawa Shaw, housing reconstruction (Wu Lindell, tornadoes (Comstock Mallonee, behavioral responses earthquakes (Lindell evacuation needs (McCaffrey 2013), cultural barriers preparation (Ayeb-Karlsson 2019), governance literature, increasing, approaching levels throughout Here, subjects policy learning aftermath (Albright Crow, 2015; Clay 2018), capacity civil systems 2015), media communication (Eriksson Olsson, collaborative (Deverell 2019; Fisk frenzies (Lodge Hood, 2002). Well-cited (Corey Deitch, 2011; Parker 2009), (Lutz 2008), Three Mile Island (Hopkins, 2001), industry accident (Crichton French heatwave (Lagadec, California Electricity (Schulman Queensland (Olsson, Analogous trend, prevails shows slight upward trend. knowledge about mostly while decade (2011–2020). conceptual remains relatively literatures shift emphasis work (2001–2010), towards recently (2011–2020) 2). constitute proportion total amongst reason cover much-debated topics instigate theoretical 10 (citation/year) advance topics, (Manyena, (Bankoff, 2001; Thomalla reduction change (Mercer Schipper Pelling, Van Aalst, (Perry 2003), migration (Jacobsen Landau, 2003) (Houston 2015). stark similarity among year, McConnell, Comfort Somers, (Gonzalez-Herrera Smith, Reuter Kaufhold, 2018; Veil 2011), citizen (Helsloot Ruitenberg, planning (McConnell Drennan, (Nohrstedt Weible, exceptions (Roux-Dufort, typology (Gundel, taxonomies Welsh, 2017), discuss (Boin, 2019) 2020). lustrum (2001–2005), largely secondary document analysis. terrorism anthrax (Day, heat wave 2004). following witnessed rise primary surveys statistics. Interestingly, increasing experimental (Helm Tolsdorf, 2013; Pramanik Schraagen 2010). interviews/observations, document/content survey/statistics, 3). (2001–2010) evenly methodologies. visible indicating prominence conflict settings (Lu Xu, Roll Swenson, der Haar growth goes hand decline methodologies, forming another input (Chiu Nakagawa 2004; Paul Bhuiyan, Egmond Compared however, there modeling contrast growing 4). Although early (1994), (Antonsen, 2009; Grais Greathouse, Jacobsen 2003; Rivera, Stephen Downing, (1993) claimed preventing reflected (2001–2010). decade, (Elsubbaugh McConnell contingency (Balamir, Ten Brinke homeland (Reddick, vulnerabilities (Medd Marvin, preparing infrastructure breakdowns Since 2009, began phase. incident command (Barton Curnin Wolbers Boersma, networks (Larsson, 2017; Oscarsson, Therrien Normandin, Palttala (Reuter Wukich, 5). (2016–2020), renewed pushed forward interest hurricanes United States (Baker al, Houston Roque 2020; Smith Walsh (Kumar, (Ono, (Useem 2017). contrast, mitigation little (Joyner Orgera, Sadiq, Disaster characterized follow